New report: A Nation's Quest for Development: Sierra Leone and the MCC Compact

 

Executive Summary

Since 2007, Sierra Leone has embarked on a transformative journey with the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). This independent U.S. foreign aid agency provides large-scale financial help to countries, proving a commitment to democratic governance, economic freedom, and investment in people. This engagement has spanned over a decade of shifting political landscapes, governance reforms, and public sector transformations.

 

In the first stages of this relationship, a dedicated committee of Sierra Leonean leaders and stakeholders was set up in the diaspora, playing a crucial role in navigating the country’s early involvement with the MCC. This committee, making up a cross-section of experts and civil society representatives, was instrumental in ensuring that Sierra Leone's governance reforms aligned with the MCC’s strict requirements. Our efforts focused on fostering transparency, improving public sector management, and addressing long-standing governance challenges, particularly democratic rights and corruption control.

 

The MCC Compact process for Sierra Leone was never a one-sided affair. It was built on the groundwork of many individuals and organizations dedicated to seeing the country thrive through accountability and transparent governance. We were deeply involved in advocating for the creation of the MCC committee, ensuring that Sierra Leoneans had a seat at the table while formulating strategies to meet the MCC’s rigorous indicators.

 

Sierra Leone’s Journey with the MCC (2008–2023)

From 2008 to 2023, Sierra Leone’s performance on the MCC Scorecard has reflected the country’s political dynamics, governance reforms, and economic growth efforts. The journey can be divided into two key phases:

 

2008-2018 (APC Era):

The APC government, under Ernest Bai Koroma, faced significant challenges in meeting the Democratic Rights and Control of Corruption indicators. This era was marked by several years of failure on the MCC scorecard, with corruption being a critical issue that hindered sustained progress. However, there was a breakthrough in 2013, when Sierra Leone passed 12 indicators for the first time, due to governance reforms and improved public health spending.

 

2018-2023 (SLPP Era):

Under the SLPP and President Julius Maada Bio, Sierra Leone initially made strong gains in improving its governance scorecard. The country passed 13/20 indicators consistently from 2020 to 2022, signaling a reform period, particularly in education, public sector transparency, and governance. However, by 2023, there was a regression, with the country passing only 11 indicators, raising concerns about election integrity, civil liberties, and corruption.

 

The 2023 MCC Compact Award Controversy

Despite the challenges and allegations of election irregularities surrounding the 2023 elections, the MCC awarded Sierra Leone a $480 million compact. This award has been viewed by many as a contradiction to the MCC’s standards, particularly the Democratic Rights "hard hurdle", which requires countries to pass either the Political Rights or Civil Liberties indicators.

 

Concerns were raised both locally and internationally, with key figures such as Senator Chris Coons and Alice Albright, Chair of the MCC Board, addressing the clear discrepancies in Sierra Leone’s eligibility. The MCC’s decision to go ahead despite these governance failures has led to questions about the influence of geopolitical pressures, especially as Sierra Leone strengthens relationships with countries like China and Russia.

 

Key Challenges and Achievements

Challenges:

o   Governance and Corruption: Over the years, corruption has still been a significant challenge for the APC and SLPP administrations, preventing sustained progress on the MCC scorecard:

o   Election Irregularities: The 2023 elections have shadowed Sierra Leone’s governance, particularly concerning the Control of Corruption and Democratic Rights indicators.

 

Achievements:

o   2013: The first major success was when Sierra Leone passed 12 indicators and was invited to engage further with the MCC.

o   2020-2022: A period of reform under the SLPP, where Sierra Leone passed 13 indicators consistently, signaling strong governance improvements.

 

Moving Forward – Recommendations for Accountability and Governance

To ensure the success of the MCC Compact and safeguard the progress made so far, we propose the following recommendations:

Demand Transparency: Both the MCC and the Sierra Leonean government must clearly explain how the country passed critical indicators considering the 2023 election irregularities.

 

Independent Review: An independent, third-party review of Sierra Leone’s eligibility for the compact should focus on electoral integrity and governance reforms.

 

Strengthen Civil Society Engagement: Local and international civil society organizations should be actively involved in checking the implementation of the MCC compact, ensuring that the funds are used transparently and for the benefit of the people.

 

Hold the Government Accountable: The Sierra Leonean government must address the corruption and electoral fraud concerns and take concrete steps toward improving democratic governance.

 Focus on Geopolitical Considerations: While geopolitical factors (e.g., relationships with China and Russia) may have influenced the MCC’s decision, the compact must remain focused on promoting good governance and sustainable development.

 

Conclusion: A Call for Integrity and Unity

The MCC Compact is an opportunity for Sierra Leone, but it comes with the responsibility to ensure that transparency, accountability, and integrity guide its implementation. The compact is not a reward for a political party but a tool for building a better future for all Sierra Leoneans.

 

To the party supporters, this is a moment to hold your government accountable. The benefits of the compact must reach every citizen, not just a select few.

 

To the opposition, use this opportunity for constructive criticism. Push for the necessary reforms but do so with the country's future in mind. 

 

To the neutral voices, your call for transparency and good governance is the balancing force that keeps the nation grounded. Stay vocal, stay engaged, and ensure that the compact is used for the good of all Sierra Leoneans.

 

The decisions made today will shape the future of Sierra Leone. Let us make them honestly, purposefully, and in the people's best interest.

  

The Evolution of the MCC in the Diaspora: A Personal Journey

The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) story in Sierra Leone and the broader diaspora began in 2007 with a few key players deeply committed to the country's development. The evolution of this initiative from a conversation between colleagues into a significant engagement with the MCC highlights the power of persistence, collaboration, and a shared vision for a brighter future.

 

First Encounter with the MCC

My introduction to the MCC came on February 12, 2007, through an email from my colleague and friend, Robert Flauta (RIP), who was instrumental in sparking my interest. I had never heard of the MCC, but his message intrigued me. He said in one line in the subject, "You might want to do some work on the Millennium Challenge Corporation." This email marked the beginning of my journey, eventually leading me to become deeply involved in the MCC’s activities and development efforts for Sierra Leone.

 

Building Momentum in the Diaspora

The second time the MCC was brought to my attention was through a discussion by Dennis D. Deensie in August 2007 when he posted an email that encouraged Sierra Leoneans to do more for their country. Samuel Atere-Roberts, who had heard what the Ghanaians had done with the MCC, suggested forming a team of Sierra Leoneans in the diaspora to collaborate with the proper departments in Sierra Leone to develop a plan for MCC qualification. At that time, Ghana had already secured a compact worth $547 million, which spurred us to believe Sierra Leone could achieve the same.

 

Mohamed Jalloh, another key diaspora leader, communicated securing a place for our diaspora meeting to discuss the MCC. Jesmed Suma, an activist and strong supporter of Sierra Leone’s development, offered his home in Bowie, Maryland, as our first significant gathering venue. At this meeting, we formed a committee to strategize and coordinate efforts for Sierra Leone’s engagement with the MCC. Although I was not officially the group leader, Mohamed Jalloh was “elected” I took it upon myself to attend various MCC meetings and gather valuable insights. It was a deliberate commitment, and I am unsure what drove me.

 

Engagement with MCC Officials and Government Collaboration

One of the most valuable connections I made during this period was with Sara Rose, a policy analyst at the MCC. I attended a meeting where I had the opportunity to meet her and told her what we were trying to do. Over the years, I learned a great deal about how the MCC worked; her knowledge was invaluable. We exchanged several emails (I have over 6,000 emails with the MCC mentioned, still). It is important to highlight people like Sara, who provide support and guidance in such efforts, as their ability can shape the future of large-scale initiatives.

 

I made a strong appeal and pushed to bring Alhaji Alpha Bakarr Kanu, the then Minister of Presidential Affairs, into the fold. While he was on a diaspora visiting trip along with the newly appointed Director of Diaspora Affairs, Michel Sho-Sawyerr, I arranged a meeting with the MCC.  I briefed him thoroughly on the MCC in just a few hours as we drove from New Jersey directly to Washington, DC. I had asked my friend, Dr Jonathan Peters (RIP), to join us, and it was Foday Mansaray (RIP), Alpha Kanu’s protégé, who drove us. During these meetings, we engaged with Malik Chaka, an MCC policy leader. Minister Kanu used his diplomatic skills to present Sierra Leone’s case, and we were told that the work must be done in Sierra Leone. Following our meeting with the MCC, we went to the Sierra Leone Embassy to discuss the plan further, where Sierra Leone’s Ambassador Bockarie Stevens had assembled a group of Sierra Leonean small businesses.

 

At the Embassy meeting, Minister Kanu suggested that I coordinate diaspora involvement in the MCC process. I recall many were surprised by his proposal, as I was a known critique of their new government. However, this was an opportunity for diaspora leadership in an important development initiative. Besides, I was fit for the role, having been immersed in the MCC method, so I accepted. Shortly after, I was appointed as a diaspora representative to the first Presidential Task Force on the MCC by the then sitting President, Ernest Bai Koroma.

  

Challenges and Persistence

While the first enthusiasm was strong, the committee disintegrated after some time, as many members needed help to commit to the cause fully. Despite this setback, I remained committed to the dream of bringing the MCC’s development potential to Sierra Leone. Throughout 2007 and 2008, mostly alone, but Isata Kabia, who had returned to Sierra Leone from the diaspora, was instrumental in coordinating between Minister Kanu and me. I continued to push for progress, attending MCC public and private meetings, engaging with stakeholders, and keeping the dream alive.

 

The MCC Committee members who carried on a few months after it was formed included:

o   Pauline Pratt

o   Jonathan Rose

o   Abdul Iscandari

o   Sarian Bouma

o   Haroun Habib

o   Kekura

o   Melbourne Garber

o   Ngadi Kponou

o   Samuel Atere-Roberts

o   Jesmed Suma

o   Akindele Decker

o   Mannah Kpukumu

o   Mohamed Jalloh

o   Isata Kabia

o   Joe Aruna

o   Amadu Massally

 

The MCC’s Arrival in Sierra Leone

By 2009, I returned to Sierra Leone after twenty-six long years, but I was not returning empty-handed. I carried with me two significant diaspora-led initiatives: DENI (Diaspora Engagement Network Initiative) and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) project. These were not just projects—they embodied my vision for a stronger, more resilient Sierra Leone powered by its people, particularly those in the diaspora. The MCC was a diaspora initiative.

 

The work on the MCC, however, was anything but smooth. It was often haphazard, marked by the kind of stops and starts that can drain even the most passionate advocate. At times, the Presidential Task Force members, the team supposed to champion the project, appeared disinterested and disengaged. It was as if the urgency of what we were trying to achieve was lost on those who should have been at the forefront, steering Sierra Leone toward a transformative partnership that could unlock its full potential.

 

 But despite the setbacks, I never wavered. Deep down, I firmly believed that the MCC was more than just a development project—it was a game-changer. This was not just about infrastructure or governance metrics; it was about creating a future where Sierra Leoneans could look back and say they led their own development. A future where the country was not just a recipient of aid but also a nation that drove its progress through strategic partnerships like the MCC.

 

I knew the journey would not be easy. Change rarely is, especially in a country still recovering from its post-conflict years, with lingering governance challenges. Yet, with its rigorous standards and focus on governance, anti-corruption, and civil liberties, I understood that the MCC was exactly the kind of initiative Sierra Leone needed to lift itself. It was not just about passing scorecards but redefining how we approached governance and accountability.

 

The diaspora's role was critical. Many of us, having lived abroad and witnessed different governance structures and development strategies, had unique perspectives to bring to the table. The MCC represented an opportunity for the diaspora to bridge the gap between our experiences abroad and the needs of our people back home.

 

So, even as others grew tired or indifferent, I persisted. Because I knew that the MCC Compact—if properly executed—could change Sierra Leone's future trajectory. And while the road was difficult, I always held on to the belief that progress requires persistence. That persistence has kept this dream alive, even when the path seemed uncertain.

 

The Presidential Task Force for the MCC had the following people on board:

o   Isata Kabia

o   Alpha Kanu

o   Mwaluma Gegbe

o   Sonnia Jabbi

o   Lawrence Kamara

o   Abdul R. Turay

o   Richard Konteh

o   Oluniyi Robbin Coker

o   Ernest B. Koroma

o   Amadu Massally

 

The Rebirth of the MCC Project: A Journey of Persistence and Vision

2009, when I first landed in Freetown with the MCC project in hand, I was optimistic. We had the potential to bring a transformational partnership to Sierra Leone—one that could change the course of our nation’s development. But to my dismay, after much effort, the initiative stalled. Over the next two years, the project became stagnant. I had done everything I could to push it forward, but I felt like I was running into walls. Even people who should have had a vested interest in seeing this succeed seemed uninterested. It was a disheartening experience for someone who had poured so much time, energy, and hope into this.

For two years, I gave up. The enthusiasm I had once carried began to fade, not because I did not believe in the project but because it felt like I was alone in the fight. Then, something unexpected happened that rekindled my faith in what we could achieve.

In 2011, when Kaifala Marah was brought in as Chief of Staff, there was a shift in the government’s approach. One of their smartest moves was to review the projects left on file, many of which had been abandoned or left idle. They contacted me about two major initiatives: the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) and DENI (Diaspora Engagement Network Initiative). This call was the spark that ignited a rebirth for both projects, and it was because Kaifala Marah saw their value.

 

I sent them my strategies and vision for the MCC and DENI projects. There was a renewed interest, and for the first time in years, I felt like we were heading in the right direction. The potential to elevate Sierra Leone and prove our ability to fend for ourselves was finally within reach. Sierra Leoneans needed to be seen as leading these initiatives—this was essential, not just for our pride as a nation but for showing the world that we had the ability to take control of our future.

 

However, the leadership reneged despite leading the effort and providing the roadmap to success. After I had led them down the path to revival, they pulled back, leaving me on the sidelines once again. It was a frustrating turn of events. The momentum that had started to build was cut short, and once again, the vision I had fought for seemed out of reach.

This story is not about me; I happen to be in it. It is about the need for consistent leadership in Sierra Leone and our ability to recognize the value in initiatives that have the potential to change the trajectory of our nation. It is about persistence, even when the world is against you. Because sometimes, the right people do come along, and if we can seize those moments, we can truly transform Sierra Leone. We must not give up—for the future, our children, and the legacy of a nation that can stand tall on its own merits.

 

The Kaifala Marah committee involved in some of the discussions I was included the withe following people:

 

o   Mohamed Gibril Sesay

o   Brian Gilpin

o   Jarrah Kawusu-Konte

o   Isatu Sillah

o   Kaifala Marah

o   Victor Strasser-King

o   Alhaji Alpha Kapri Bhangra 

o   Caroline Thomas

 

Forming the MCCU

Following Kaifala Marah's departure from the Office of the Chief Minister, Richard Konteh assumed leadership, overseeing crucial initiatives such as the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) program, which gained prominence after successfully surpassing twelve critical indicators for the first time. During this transformative phase, Mahmud Idriss was appointed as the CEO. At the same time, I was enlisted as the inaugural Program Manager, with both appointments endorsed by President Koroma.

 

 We embarked on an intensive recruitment process, culminating in establishing the Millennium Challenge Corporation Unit (MCCU) in Sierra Leone. Our team was dedicated, investing significant effort into conducting a comprehensive constraints analysis. During an international outreach tour highlighting the importance of “diaspora engagement,” a pivotal moment occurred: it became apparent that our nation had not achieved the necessary standard for the 'control of corruption' indicator.

 

 Christopher Dunn, the MCC Country Manager, journeyed from Washington, DC, to personally attend our event. He privately informed Mahmud and me of the troubling development. Having freshly received this disheartening news at that juncture, there was palpable uncertainty regarding our future with the program. Subsequently, we faced suspension and were subjected to what was officially termed “limited engagement” over the following year. This challenging episode occurred eleven years ago, in the year 2013.

 

Conclusion: A Dream That Endures

The MCC journey for Sierra Leone was far from smooth, but the collective efforts of committed individuals in the diaspora and beyond drove it. From my first encounter with the MCC in an email from a colleague to the formation of a committee and engagement with government officials, this journey reflects the power of perseverance and the importance of diaspora engagement in national development.

 

 While the road ahead is still challenging, this journey has laid the groundwork for a strong partnership between Sierra Leone and the MCC. As we continue to push for greater engagement and development, it is crucial to remember that change takes time, and even when faced with setbacks, the dream must endure.

  

2. Introduction: Sierra Leone’s Journey with the MCC

 This section sets the stage by discussing the Millennium Challenge Corporation’s (MCC) goals and how they align with Sierra Leone’s ongoing journey toward improved governance, economic growth, and development. It will explore the MCC’s core principles and how Sierra Leone has navigated its complex governance challenges since engaging with it in 2008.

 

 Explanation of the MCC Scorecard and the Democratic Rights "Hard Hurdle"

The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) is a U.S. foreign aid agency that partners with countries to reduce poverty through economic growth. The eligibility for MCC aid is decided through a scorecard system, which evaluates a country’s performance across 20 indicators divided into three categories:

 

1. Ruling Justly
2. Investing in People
3. Economic Freedom

 

Among these, the Democratic Rights "Hard Hurdle" is a crucial gatekeeper. This hurdle consists of two indicators:

• Political Rights
• Civil Liberties

 

 To qualify for an MCC Compact, a country must pass at least one of these two indicators. Not meeting both indicators automatically disqualifies a country, regardless of its performance in other areas. This "hard hurdle" reflects the MCC’s commitment to partnering with countries that uphold democratic values. In recent years, Sierra Leone has struggled with these indicators due to governance challenges and electoral irregularities.

 Additionally, the Control of Corruption indicator is critical for compact eligibility. Corruption erodes governance and undermines development efforts, making this an area where consistent progress is necessary to keep a positive MCC score.

 

Timeline of Sierra Leone’s MCC Engagement (2008-2023)

 2008-2013: APC Era – Early Struggles and Breakthrough

Sierra Leone first engaged with the MCC in 2008 during the APC government led by Ernest Bai Koroma. Failures in key areas, such as Political Rights and Control of Corruption, marked the early years. Despite these challenges, 2013 was a breakthrough year when Sierra Leone passed 12 out of 20 indicators, which included improvements in public health spending and governance reforms.

 

 2014-2018: APC Era – Corruption and Governance Stagnation

Between 2014 and 2018, Sierra Leone's progress stalled, particularly in governance. While it continued to pass some indicators, corruption remained a persistent issue. The MCC Threshold Program was granted in 2015, reflecting the MCC’s attempt to support reforms without offering a full compact due to lingering concerns about transparency and governance.

 

 2018-2023: SLPP Era – Initial Progress, Then Regression

In 2018, the SLPP under Julius Maada Bio took over, and there were notable improvements initially. Sierra Leone passed 13 indicators between 2020 and 2022, including the crucial Control of Corruption indicator. These years were a reform period, particularly in education and public sector management.

 

 However, by 2023, the country passed only 11 indicators, signaling a decline in key areas such as Civil Liberties and Political Rights. This regression raised questions about the government’s commitment to democratic governance, especially considering election irregularities.

  

Governance Challenges: APC vs. SLPP

The governance challenges faced by the APC (2008-2018) and SLPP (2018-present) have shaped Sierra Leone’s MCC scorecard performance. Both administrations struggled with corruption and ensuring political rights, although the SLPP initially made notable improvements.

 

• APC Era: While the APC made strides in public health spending and some governance reforms, systemic corruption and weak civil liberties continued to block progress. The 2013 breakthrough stood for a fleeting moment of success, but these issues derailed consistent improvements.
  
  
• SLPP Era: Under President Bio, the administration initially gained momentum by improving governance and public sector transparency. However, the 2023 election irregularities and the later decline in the MCC scorecard raised concerns about the government’s ability to keep democratic standards and curb corruption effectively.

 

Global Development Standards and Sierra Leone’s MCC Performance

Sierra Leone’s journey with the MCC has been tied closely to global development standards, particularly in terms of governance and corruption control. As a country that has appeared after decades of civil war, achieving and supporting a compact is about economic growth and restoring trust in governance.

 

Sierra Leone’s performance in these key areas has often reflected the broader challenges faced by countries striving to meet international governance standards. For instance:

 

• Control of Corruption: This indicator is still a persistent hurdle for Sierra Leone, as corruption has been deeply rooted in public institutions, stifling economic development and social progress.
  
  
• Civil Liberties and Political Rights: Ensuring free and fair elections and protecting citizens’ rights to free speech and association have been particularly challenging. The 2023 elections exemplified how fragile these rights can be in emerging democracies.

 

Progress, setbacks, and ongoing governance challenges have marked Sierra Leone’s engagement with the MCC. The MCC Scorecard serves as a tool for measuring the country’s development against global standards, but it also reflects the realities of managing a post-conflict society. As Sierra Leone grapples with corruption, civil liberties, and political rights, the MCC is still a critical partner in shaping the country’s development trajectory. However, the need for greater accountability, transparency, and reform has never been more urgent, especially in the context of the 2023 compact award amidst rising concerns about electoral integrity.

  

3. A Historical Overview of Sierra Leone’s MCC Performance (2008–2023)

 Purpose:

This section analyses Sierra Leone’s year-by-year performance on the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Scorecard from 2008 to 2023, connecting it to key political events and governance reforms during the APC and SLPP administrations. Sierra Leone’s engagement with the MCC highlights the country’s evolving governance challenges, reforms, and successes as it navigates its post-conflict reconstruction and ongoing development efforts.

 

2008–2013 (APC Era)

The APC (All People’s Congress) government, led by Ernest Bai Koroma, inherited a fragile post-conflict Sierra Leone when it came into power in 2007. The early years of MCC engagement reflected the governance challenges of a country appearing from a civil war, including issues related to corruption, political rights, and civil liberties.

 

2008–2012:

 

o   Failures in key areas: In the early years, Sierra Leone did not meet critical governance indicators on the MCC Scorecard, particularly in Political Rights, Civil Liberties, and Control of Corruption. The government's focus on rebuilding after the civil war meant that structural reforms were slow to materialize, particularly about anti-corruption measures and democratic governance.

 

o   Despite efforts in public sector reforms, corruption remained rampant, hindering economic development and governance progress. The APC government struggled to create transparent institutions, and the country repeatedly failed the MCC scorecard due to its weak performance on Ruling Justly indicators.

 

 

2013: Breakthrough Year:

 

• 2013 Sierra Leone experienced a breakthrough by passing 12 out of 20 indicators, marking a significant milestone in its MCC journey. Key improvements were seen in governance reforms, public health spending, and education. The country’s progress in addressing public sector management and implementing governance reforms allowed it to pass indicators related to public health and primary education expenditures, which were critical for MCC eligibility.

 

This success reflected the efforts of the Koroma administration to engage with international partners and diaspora communities to build institutional ability and foster development. The 2013 scorecard success led to increased optimism about Sierra Leone’s potential for long-term MCC eligibility and development aid.

 

 2014–2018 (APC Era)

Despite the significant progress in 2013, the following years saw stagnation in critical governance areas, particularly corruption. Although Sierra Leone continued to pass some indicators, corruption stayed a persistent issue.

 

2014–2015:

o   The momentum from 2013 waned in 2014 and 2015, with Sierra Leone facing renewed challenges in meeting the Control of Corruption indicator, a critical hurdle for MCC eligibility. Although the country continued to pass 12 indicators, it did not secure a full compact due to lingering concerns about corruption and political governance.

 

o   In 2015, the MCC granted a Threshold Program to Sierra Leone, recognizing the country’s efforts to improve governance despite its ongoing challenges. This program addressed systemic corruption and built the institutional ability to help the country move closer to full MCC compact eligibility.

 

2016–2018:

o   By 2016, Sierra Leone experienced a decline in performance, especially in the areas of Civil Liberties and Political Rights. The Koroma administration faced criticism over the erosion of democratic freedoms, with reports of political interference and restricted freedoms for opposition parties. As a result, the MCC scorecard reflected the country’s inability to pass the Democratic Rights hard hurdle, which limited further progress on compact eligibility.

 

o   The years leading up to the 2018 elections saw political instability and a lack of reforms in governance and transparency, which prevented the APC government from making sustained improvements on the MCC scorecard.

 

 2018–2023 (SLPP Era)

The Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP), under the leadership of Julius Maada Bio, came into power in 2018 with a renewed focus on reforms, transparency, and public sector management. The early years of the SLPP government saw strong efforts to reverse the stagnation under the earlier administration.

 

2018–2019:

The SLPP administration made early gains by implementing reforms in public financial management and education, key areas lagging in previous years. The 2019 MCC scorecard, reflecting data from 2018, showed steady progress, although the government still faced challenges in meeting indicators related to civil liberties and corruption control.

 

2020–2022: Stronger Governance:

o   Between 2020 and 2022, Sierra Leone experienced significant improvements, consistently passing 13 out of 20 indicators. This success was attributed to reforms in the public sector, particularly in areas like education and governance transparency.

o   Key successes included passing the Control of Corruption indicator, a longstanding issue for the APC and SLPP administrations. These gains highlighted the SLPP’s commitment to institutional reforms, making the country eligible for a $480 million MCC compact.

 

o   During this period, the government also worked to improve primary education completion rates and public sector spending, which helped it pass indicators related to Investing in People. These reforms were crucial in helping Sierra Leone keep its positive trajectory on the MCC scorecard.

 

 2023: Regression and Electoral Concerns

2023:

o   The 2023 MCC scorecard, reflecting data from 2022, saw a regression, with Sierra Leone passing only 11 out of 20 indicators. This decline raised concerns about the country’s ability to sustain the progress made in previous years.

o   The drop in passed indicators was attributed to the 2023 elections, which were marred by allegations of electoral irregularities, voter manipulation, and civil liberties violations.

 

o   These issues contributed to the country’s failure to pass the Political Rights and Civil Liberties indicators, which are part of the Democratic Rights "hard hurdle."

o   Despite this regression, Sierra Leone was awarded a $480 million compact by the MCC, leading to questions about the compact’s approval process and the MCC’s commitment to democratic governance standards.

 

o   The award came amidst a tripartite dialogue led by U.S. Ambassador Brian Hunt, who eased discussions between the ruling party, the opposition, and civil society groups to address the country’s governance challenges. These dialogues were crucial in promoting transparency and accountability in the wake of the electoral concerns.

 

 Conclusion

Sierra Leone’s journey with the MCC from 2008 to 2023 has been marked by periods of both progress and regression. While the country has made notable improvements in governance and public sector management, issues related to corruption and democratic governance continue to pose challenges. The 2023 compact award is an opportunity for Sierra Leone to build on its successes. Still, the government must prioritize transparency, electoral reforms, and accountability to ensure that the benefits of the compact reach all citizens and that the country continues to move forward in its development journey.

 

4. Governance Challenges and Political Dynamics: 2018–2023

 

Purpose:

This section provides an in-depth analysis of Sierra Leone’s governance challenges from 2018 to 2023, focusing on the political dynamics under the SLPP (Sierra Leone People's Party). It discusses how political governance reforms and managing electoral processes, corruption, and civil liberties indicators shaped the country’s MCC performance. The role of international dialogue, specifically the tripartite dialogue led by the U.S., is also evaluated considering the 2023 compact award.

 

SLPP Governance Reforms: Early Momentum (2018–2019)

When Julius Maada Bio and the SLPP took over governance in 2018, the administration prioritized reforms to improve transparency, public sector management, and education, all critical components of the MCC scorecard.

 

Public Sector and Education Reform: The government launched its flagship Free Quality School Education (FQSE) initiative, which increased investment in education and public sector accountability. This reform helped Sierra Leone pass indicators related to education expenditure and girls' completion rates in primary education.

 

Lifting the Hood on the FQSE

The Free Quality Education (FQE) initiative launched by the SLPP government under President Julius Maada Bio in 2018 aimed to provide tuition-free schooling from primary to senior secondary levels and remove financial barriers for public exams. It also included plans to provide textbooks and recruit more teachers to cope with the increased student enrollment. The government's commitment to education was reflected in allocating 21% of the national budget to the sector—the highest ever (Politico SL)​ (Politico SL).

However, despite these promising goals, several implementation challenges quickly appeared:

 

1. Inadequate Resources: Schools, particularly in rural areas, faced issues with overcrowding and insufficient educational materials. Textbooks and other supplies were often delayed, leading to disparities in resource distribution between regions ​(Forum News) ​ (Politico SL).
   
   
2. Examination Malpractices: The 2021/2022 WASSCE exams revealed significant issues, with 95% of exam results tainted by malpractice. This severely undermined the credibility of the education system and led to widespread criticism of the FQE​ (Sierraloaded).
   
   
3. Teacher Shortages: While the FQE initiative included plans to recruit teachers, there remained a significant shortfall, with many teachers working without proper pay or benefits. This lack of support discouraged teacher retention and affected the overall quality of education ​(Politico SL).

Could FQE Have Satisfied MCC’s Educational Indicator?

In theory, the FQE initiative aligns well with the MCC’s emphasis on Investing in People, particularly in education. By focusing on access to education, the FQE could have been a strong point for Sierra Leone’s MCC scorecard, especially in increasing enrollment rates and government expenditure on education. The 34% increase in primary school enrollment clearly indicates success on paper ​(Politico SL).

 

However, the poor implementation, resource disparities, and high levels of exam malpractices contradict the MCC’s broader goal of quality education and good governance. These governance failures in the educational sector, particularly the lack of transparency and accountability, could weaken the MCC's evaluation of the program under the Investing in People category.

 

Addressing these systemic issues through improved governance, better resource allocation and exam transparency would be essential for the FQE to become a sustainable and MCC-satisfying initiative.

 

• Anti-Corruption Measures: The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC), under the leadership of Francis Ben Kaifala, was bolstered during Bio’s early years in office. The Control of Corruption indicator showed improvement during these years, reflecting increased efforts to clamp down on graft in public institutions.

 

These reforms were reflected in the 2019 MCC scorecard, where Sierra Leone passed 9/20 indicators, setting the stage for more substantial reforms in the coming years, we hoped.

Lifting the Hood on the ACC

The Anti-Corruption Commission, under Ben Kaifala, has faced accusations of selectively prosecuting politicians, particularly shielding those aligned with the current government. While the ACC made strides in tackling corruption—important for the MCC scorecard’s Control of Corruption indicator—there have been concerns that the commission’s efforts are politically motivated and do not consistently address high-level corruption across the board​ (Transparency.org).

 

The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) under Francis Ben Kaifala has achieved some success in the fight against corruption in Sierra Leone. Still, it has also faced serious allegations of selective prosecution. These criticisms suggest that the ACC's work may be politically motivated, with investigations and prosecutions disproportionately targeting opposition figures while shielding those aligned with the current SLPP government.

 

Strides in Tackling Corruption:

Since Kaifala took charge, the ACC has made notable gains in addressing corruption, a critical area for Sierra Leone’s Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Scorecard, particularly for the Control of Corruption indicator. The ACC has prosecuted many public officials, recovered billions of leones in misappropriated funds, and launched high-profile investigations to curb graft in public offices ​(Transparency.org). In recent years, this effort has helped boost Sierra Leone’s performance on the MCC scorecard, where passing the Control of Corruption indicator is a key hurdle.

 

 Accusations of Selective Prosecution:

Despite these successes, there are growing concerns about selective justice under the ACC. Critics argue that while the ACC has prosecuted some lower-level public officials and figures tied to the opposition, it has been reluctant to pursue allegations of corruption involving high-ranking members of the ruling party. The opposition All People’s Congress (APC) has often accused the ACC of being used for political persecution, particularly in the run-up to elections. For example, opposition figures have claimed their members have been unfairly targeted in corruption cases, while top SLPP officials implicated in scandals stay untouched ​(Transparency.org).

 

Examples of Alleged Bias:

A specific example involves handling corruption investigations related to government contracts and public sector mismanagement. Some allegations against ministers and high-ranking government officials close to the SLPP have been downplayed or not pursued with the same vigor seen in cases involving opposition figures. This has led to accusations that the ACC is a politicized institution, protecting the ruling elite while selectively prosecuting those outside the government circle ​(Transparency.org).

 

Impact on MCC Compliance:

These issues significantly threaten Sierra Leone’s MCC standing, particularly regarding the Control of Corruption indicator. The MCC highly values impartial governance and the rule of law. The belief that the ACC is being used as a political weapon could undermine Sierra Leone’s progress in satisfying the MCC’s governance requirements. Transparency and fair application of the law is fundamental to keeping credibility in the MCC compact, especially as the 2023 MCC compact award is scrutinised for the government’s failure to uphold democratic standards​ (Transparency.org).

 

Moving Forward:

To meet the MCC’s stringent requirements, Sierra Leone must ensure that anti-corruption efforts are not only robust but also impartial. The ACC’s mandate should be expanded to ensure that it runs independently of political influence. Only by addressing these allegations and ensuring that corruption is fought across all levels of government—regardless of political affiliation—can Sierra Leone continue to pass the Control of Corruption indicator and keep credibility in the MCC compact process.

 

 

In summary, while the ACC has made strides in fighting corruption under Kaifala’s leadership, the politicization of justice and the selective prosecution of cases threaten to derail these efforts, casting doubt on the integrity of governance in Sierra Leone.

 

Similarities in Approach to MCC Indicators:

Both initiatives started with strong public backing but faltered due to implementation failures and lack of systemic reform. While FQSE improved enrollment rates, it did not adequately address educational quality, just as the ACC has struggled to maintain institutional impartiality in prosecuting corruption. Both have elements of success, but their failure to provide long-term, systemic change limits their effectiveness in satisfying MCC’s standards for governance and transparency.

 

To meet the MCC’s criteria, and get out of the indicator-addressing mentality of governance as it appears, the FQSE and ACC must address these governance gaps, focusing on transparency, resource allocation, and consistent rules enforcement across political lines. Only then can these initiatives truly serve the long-term development goals that the MCC emphasizes.

 

 Several key government initiatives are tied to various Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) indicators that Sierra Leone must focus on, especially in governance, economic freedom, and investment in people. These initiatives are essential to improving the country’s performance on the MCC scorecard. Some notable areas include:

 

 1. Public Financial Management (PFM) Reform:

MCC Indicator: Fiscal Policy

• Initiative: The government of Sierra Leone has worked on improving public financial management through initiatives like the Public Financial Management Improvement and Consolidation Project (PFMIC), supported by the World Bank. The aim is to strengthen fiscal transparency, budget management, and public sector governance.
  
  
• Challenges: Despite these efforts, there are still significant issues related to budget
  mismanagement and inefficient spending, which affect the country’s fiscal stability.

 

Recommendation: To further improve the Fiscal Policy indicator on the MCC scorecard, Sierra Leone must deepen its fiscal reforms, ensuring transparency in budget execution and strengthening the mechanisms for public expenditure oversight.

 

2. Healthcare and Sanitation Programs:

MCC Indicator: Health Expenditures and Access to Clean Water

o   Initiative: Sierra Leone’s commitment to improving public health services, particularly through the Free Healthcare Initiative (FHC) launched in 2010, aimed at providing free healthcare services to pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children under five.

o   Challenges: Poor infrastructure and a lack of healthcare professionals have hampered the full implementation of this initiative. Access to clean water and sanitation stays a significant problem, especially in rural areas.

Recommendation: To improve the Health Expenditures and Access to Clean Water indicators, the government must increase investments in healthcare infrastructure, provide training and resources for healthcare workers, and collaborate with international partners to expand clean water access.

 

3. Education Reform (Free Quality School Education - FQSE):

MCC Indicator: Primary Education Expenditures and Girls’ Primary Education Completion Rate

 

o   Initiative: As discussed, the FQSE initiative aimed to provide free education for all, but it has faced significant setbacks in quality and implementation. Exam malpractices and resource shortages have marred the initiative despite increasing enrollment rates.

o   Challenges: The initiative has struggled to deliver quality education due to overcrowding, lack of qualified teachers, and inadequate infrastructure.

 

Recommendation: The government must improve quality education with better teacher training, curriculum development, and monitoring mechanisms to ensure that the FQSE initiative contributes positively to the MCC scorecard.

 

4. Judicial and Legal Reforms:

MCC Indicator: Rule of Law

 

• Initiative: Efforts to improve the judiciary have been supported by various international organizations, focusing on reducing corruption within the legal system and ensuring that justice is more accessible to the public.
  
  
• Challenges: Sierra Leone still struggles with political interference in the judiciary and a slow legal process, undermining the rule of law.

 

Recommendation: Strengthening judicial independence and improving the efficiency of the legal system is critical. This will enhance public trust in legal institutions and contribute to better performance on the MCC’s Rule of Law indicator.

 

5. Agriculture and Economic Freedom Initiatives:

MCC Indicator: Land Rights and Access, Business Start-Up

 

• Initiative: Sierra Leone has tried to reform its land rights system to promote agricultural productivity and ease business start-ups. This is crucial in an agricultural economy, where land disputes and unclear property rights have stifled agricultural investment.

 

• Challenges: Despite these efforts, land tenure issues are still a significant barrier to economic freedom and investment, and regulatory hurdles impede small business creation.

 

Recommendation: Addressing land reform comprehensively and easing the business regulatory environment will improve these indicators on the MCC scorecard.

 

Conclusion:

Sierra Leone’s ability to consistently meet MCC indicators depends on its ability to address the systemic issues in its governance, public administration, and service delivery sectors. Programs such as the Anti-Corruption Commission, Free Quality School Education, Public Financial Management, and Healthcare Initiatives are pivotal to improving performance across the Ruling Justly, Investing in People, and Economic Freedom categories.

To succeed on the MCC scorecard and support eligibility for future compacts, these initiatives must address surface-level issues and focus on long-term reforms, ensuring that they provide sustainable benefits and meet MCC standards for governance and development.

  

2020–2022: High-Performance Years

Between 2020 and 2022, Sierra Leone saw marked improvements in its governance scorecard, passing 13/20 indicators. This period is often called the country’s most significant governance breakthrough under the SLPP administration.

 

• Control of Corruption: The Bio administration’s zero-tolerance approach to corruption, supported by the ACC, led to a more positive outcome on the MCC scorecard. Sierra Leone passed the Control of Corruption indicator for three consecutive years, a marked improvement from previous years.
  
  
• Primary Education Expenditure and Girls’ Completion Rate: Sierra Leone passed these key indicators, which reflect the government’s commitment to human capital development. The success of the Free Quality School Education (FQSE) initiative was a key driver of this progress, pushing Sierra Leone to surpass other West African countries in girls’ primary education completion.
  
  
• Ruling Justly: Sierra Leone made strides in this category, passing 5 out of 6 indicators under Ruling Justly. This included positive outcomes for Political Rights and Civil Liberties, signaling stronger democratic governance and freedom of expression, despite some underlying concerns about political interference.

 

These performances, at least on paper, reflected Bio's administration's commitment to public sector reform, governance transparency, and education investment, making Sierra Leone eligible for the $480 million MCC compact that was eventually awarded. One could guess that these were all masked to attract international students and their programs like the MCC, and we would look at that next.

 A pattern can be seen in the Bio administration's approach to MCC indicators. The administration has often focused on scoring high on specific indicators to gain eligibility for international compacts like the MCC. At the same time, these initiatives' sustainability and long-term success have sometimes been neglected after the first public announcements.

 

A pattern of MCC Indicator Targeting and Neglected Sustainability:

 

1. Education (Free Quality School Education - FQSE):

When the FQSE initiative was launched, it was touted as a groundbreaking program that would provide free education for all children and align with the MCC’s focus on primary education and human capital development. While the first rollout increased enrollment rates, the lack of investment in teacher training, infrastructure, and resources meant that the quality of education declined rapidly. The initiative quickly garnered public attention and international praise, but on-the-ground implementation fell apart after the first big announcement, leading to widespread dissatisfaction and exam malpractice.

2. Anti-Corruption Efforts:

The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC), led by Francis Ben Kaifala, also started strong, with a zero-tolerance approach toward corruption aligned with the MCC’s Control of Corruption indicator. However, allegations of selective prosecutions and shielding of government officials have since undermined the credibility of these efforts. The emphasis appeared to be on showing progress to secure MCC scorecard approval, but the long-term goal of a fair and non-partisan fight against corruption has been compromised.

3. Public Financial Management:

Similar trends can be seen in Public Financial Management reforms. Initially, the Bio administration improved budget transparency and reduced wastage in the public sector. These reforms helped Sierra Leone improve its MCC score, but the government's failure to consistently implement these measures has allowed issues like budget mismanagement and inefficient spending to persist.

The pattern in the Bio administration’s handling of MCC-related initiatives suggests a short-term, score-focused approach to governance, where policies are designed to meet international benchmarks rather than to build sustainable systems. The government’s strategic focus on achieving high scores on specific MCC indicators—such as education, corruption control, and public sector management—helped secure the $480 million MCC compact. However, these programs have often faltered after the first announcements and public praise due to insufficient follow-through, lack of resource allocation, and political interference. This creates a cycle where governance reforms superficially start to meet global standards but do not yield long-term benefits for Sierra Leoneans.

 

To genuinely receive help from international partnerships like the MCC, the government must prioritize the sustainability of its reforms. Short-term achievements should be supported by ongoing accountability, resource commitment, and transparent governance, ensuring that these initiatives truly improve the lives of citizens beyond the headlines.

 

2023: Governance Regressions and Electoral Integrity

The 2023 MCC scorecard, which reflects 2022 data, showed a regression in Sierra Leone’s performance, with the country passing only 11 out of 20 indicators. This decline was particularly concerning given the context of the 2023 elections, which were marred by allegations of electoral irregularities, voter suppression, and civil liberties violations.

 

Electoral Process: Both local civil society groups and the international community heavily scrutinized the 2023 elections. Allegations of voter manipulation, lack of transparency, and restricted media freedoms surfaced during the electoral process. These issues directly affected the Political Rights and Civil Liberties indicators, which are critical to the MCC’s Democratic Rights "hard hurdle."

• Civil Liberties and Political Rights Decline: For the first time since 2020, Sierra Leone did not pass the Political Rights and Civil Liberties indicators. This raised questions about the administration's commitment to upholding democratic processes, which threatened the credibility of the MCC compact award.
  
  
• Corruption and Accountability: Although Sierra Leone continued to pass the Control of Corruption indicator, reports suggested that the administration faced growing challenges in keeping the earlier anti-corruption momentum. There were concerns that corruption had infiltrated the electoral process, further complicating Sierra Leone’s governance challenges.

 

Tripartite Dialogue Led by U.S. Ambassador Brian Hunt

Amidst growing concerns over the 2023 elections and Sierra Leone’s democratic governance, the U.S. Embassy took a proactive role in helping dialogue between the SLPP, the main opposition, and civil society groups. This tripartite dialogue, led by U.S. Ambassador Brian Hunt, looked to address the governance issues that had surfaced during the elections.

 

• Purpose of the Dialogue: The goal of the dialogue was to mediate between the ruling party and the opposition, ensuring that both parties were committed to electoral transparency and accountability. The discussions aimed at easing political tensions and reinforcing the democratic integrity required for Sierra Leone’s continued engagement with the MCC.
  
  
• Outcomes: While the dialogue helped foster some level of cooperation, many critics argue that it did not resolve the underlying issues of electoral fraud and governance accountability. The tripartite dialogue brought attention to the international community's role in pushing for governance reforms. However, the long-term impact is still uncertain, especially as Sierra Leone faces growing scrutiny over its political landscape.

 

Sierra Leone’s governance trajectory from 2018 to 2023 reflects progress and regression. While the SLPP administration made early gains in improving public sector transparency, education, and anti-corruption efforts, the governance challenges related to electoral integrity, civil liberties, and political rights have raised concerns about the long-term sustainability of these reforms.

 

Diplomacy or Meddling? Analyzing Ambassador Bryan Hunt's Role in Sierra Leone's Political Landscape

 

Ambassador Bryan Hunt was criticised for his involvement in Sierra Leone’s internal political affairs, particularly for navigating the MCC Compact negotiations and comments on the 2023 elections. There are allegations of meddling in a sovereign state’s affairs, especially as tensions surround the tripartite dialogue between the government, the opposition, and the international community.

 

Key Criticisms of Ambassador Hunt:

1. Accusations of Political Interference: Critics have accused Ambassador Hunt of favoring the ruling SLPP by supporting a peace accord seen as lenient toward President Bio’s government. This view intensified when the ambassador played a central role in the tripartite dialogue following the controversial 2023 elections. While his involvement aimed to mediate and bring about political stability, opposition members and others argued that this diplomatic intervention undermined Sierra Leone’s sovereignty and tilted in favor of the ruling party.
   
   
2. MCC Compact Award Amidst Election Irregularities: Hunt was also criticized for helping the MCC Compact, especially given that the U.S. government did not congratulate President Bio after the disputed elections. Many saw the $480 million MCC award as contradictory, as it came despite electoral irregularities that should have disqualified the country under the MCC’s Democratic Rights "hard hurdle". Critics like Kabs Kanu highlighted how Hunt’s involvement in pushing the compact raised concerns about the U.S.'s stance on democracy in Sierra Leone​ (The Sierra Leone Telegraph)​ (Sierraloaded).
   
   
3. Statements on Political Violence: Ambassador Hunt has also faced backlash from SLPP government supporters for his comments on the alleged coup attempt in November 2023. He publicly stated that he did not believe the opposition APC was involved in the plot, sparking further accusations of bias and meddling in national security matters ​(The Sierra Leone Telegraph).

 

 

Analysis/Opinion:

Ambassador Hunt’s diplomatic actions reflect the complex balancing act of supporting democratic governance while trying to keep political stability in a divided nation. On the one hand, the ambassador’s efforts to mediate dialogue and secure funding through the MCC are consistent with U.S. diplomatic goals to promote development and good governance. However, the criticism stems from the belief that these efforts were not impartial and that they downplayed electoral concerns, which contradicts the MCC’s governance standards.

 

The MCC award in the wake of such political controversy indeed sends a mixed message—calling into question the credibility of both the U.S.’s commitment to democracy and the MCC’s governance indicators. To avoid appearing complicit in political interference, the U.S. and the MCC must be transparent about why Sierra Leone received the compact despite the electoral disputes. They must show that their long-term commitment is to strengthen democratic institutions rather than appearing to favor one political faction over another.

 

In summary, while Hunt’s role aimed at stabilizing Sierra Leone through diplomacy, the feeling of meddling and contradictory actions has sparked significant controversy.

 The 2023 MCC compact award, amidst allegations of electoral fraud and declining democratic freedoms, presents an opportunity for the government to correct course. However, the administration must prioritize transparent governance and electoral reforms to ensure that the MCC compact delivers on its promise of poverty reduction and economic growth. We must seize the moment.

 

 

5. The 2023 MCC Compact Award Controversy

 

Purpose:

This section delves into the controversy surrounding the Millennium Challenge Corporation’s (MCC) decision to award Sierra Leone a $480 million compact in 2023 despite concerns over electoral fraud, governance failures, and the country’s inability to meet critical democratic benchmarks. It explores the interplay between MCC’s strict governance standards, the Democratic Rights Hard Hurdle, and the broader geopolitical factors influencing the decision.

 

MCC’s Democratic Rights Hard Hurdle: Not Meeting the Thresholds

The MCC scorecard assesses a country’s commitment to democratic governance, economic freedom, and investing in people. Central to these assessments are two critical indicators that form the Democratic Rights Hard Hurdle:

1. Political Rights
2. Civil Liberties

To pass the hard hurdle, a country must meet the smallest threshold for either one of these two indicators. Failing both should lead to automatic disqualification from receiving an MCC compact, regardless of a country’s performance in other areas.

 

Sierra Leone’s Democratic Rights Failures: 

• In 2023, Sierra Leone did not pass both the Political Rights and Civil Liberties indicators, due to allegations of electoral irregularities during the national elections. These irregularities included reports of voter manipulation, media censorship, and a lack of transparency in the electoral process.
  
  
• Given that elections are a fundamental measure of political rights, the free and fair conduct of elections is crucial for upholding democracy. The MCC’s failure to enforce its own governance rules considering these election failures raised significant concerns about the compact’s legitimacy.

  

The Coons-Albright Exchange: Questioning the Compact’s Approval

One of the most significant moments in the controversy was the exchange between Senator Chris Coons and Alice Albright, the Chair of the MCC Board, which brought the compact’s approval into question. Coons, along with other members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, raised concerns about the decision to approve the compact, citing the governance failures in Sierra Leone.

• Senator Coons’ Concerns: Coons argued that awarding Sierra Leone the compact, despite its failure to meet the Democratic Rights Hard Hurdle, could undermine the MCC’s credibility. He pointed to the contradiction between the MCC’s stated commitment to democratic governance and its decision to provide such a substantial financial package to a government accused of electoral fraud.
  
  
• Alice Albright’s Defense: Albright reaffirmed the MCC’s commitment to supporting countries with potential for progress. Despite its shortcomings, she emphasized that the MCC still values helping Sierra Leone. However, this response did not address the central issue: How can the MCC award a compact to a government that has failed key governance criteria?
  
  

This exchange highlights the conflicting signals coming from U.S. foreign policy. On the one hand, there is an emphasis on democratic values and transparent governance; on the other, the MCC’s actions seem to contradict these principles by rewarding a government accused of undermining them.

 

Geopolitical Factors: The China and Russia Influence

While the MCC’s governance standards are supposed to be the sole determining factors for compact eligibility, the 2023 award to Sierra Leone suggests that broader geopolitical considerations may have played a role.

• Growing Ties with China and Russia: Sierra Leone has increasingly strengthened its relationships with China and Russia, which are known for offering development aid without strict governance conditions. This geopolitical shift raised alarms within the U.S. State Department, which saw the MCC compact as an opportunity to counterbalance the growing influence of China and Russia in West Africa. The award, therefore, may have been part of a broader strategy to secure U.S. influence in Sierra Leone, even at the expense of overlooking governance failures.
  
  
• Compromising Democratic Standards: While geopolitical concerns are understandable from a foreign policy perspective, they raise serious questions about the MCC’s commitment to its core principles. If the MCC’s governance standards can be overridden for strategic reasons, it risks losing credibility as a tool for promoting democratic governance and development.

 

 Implications Moving Forward:

The 2023 MCC compact award has exposed a contradiction between the MCC’s stated values and its actions. While the MCC was designed to promote transparent governance, rule of law, and democratic accountability, the decision to grant Sierra Leone a compact despite failing Democratic Rights indicators shows that geopolitical interests may have taken precedence over governance reforms.

 

Moving forward, it is crucial for both the U.S. government and the MCC Board to ensure that the compact is implemented with strict oversight and that future engagements are still aligned with the MCC’s core values. Failure to do so could undermine the MCC’s mission and convey that democratic governance is secondary to strategic alliances.

 

Reassessing the MCC Compact: Upholding Governance and Public Trust

The situation surrounding the MCC compact becomes even more complex when viewed through high-level diplomacy and personal negotiations. Recently, the Chief Minister of Sierra Leone, in a public statement during the compact signing, offered revealing insights into how the compact was secured.

 

During his keynote speech, the Chief Minister reflected on the tripartite committee and emphasized the importance of dialogue in resolving political disputes. However, his reference to personal diplomacy garnered the most attention. The Chief Minister revealed that despite meeting the MCC’s metrics, his meeting with a Congressional staffer lifted the hold on the compact, allowing it to be signed.

 

“I went to Congress last week to meet with a staffer who had held our MCC Compact on hold. We had a one-on-one for one hour, which led him to lift the hold, which eventually allowed us to sign. Yes, we deserved it. Yes, we worked on the metrics. But it was that hard dialogue that got us over the line.”

 

This admission suggests that personal diplomacy played a decisive role in the compact’s approval, raising concerns about whether the decision was based on merit or political influence. It further underscores the feeling that the MCC’s governance standards may have been compromised in favor of political expediency.

 

Tripartite Committee and Electoral Reforms: Unfinished Work

The Chief Minister’s remarks also referenced establishing the tripartite committee under President Bio, which was tasked with pushing forward electoral reforms. He praised the committee for addressing the 84 recommendations to strengthen democratic governance. However, many of these reforms are still incomplete, particularly the constitutional changes.

 

By awarding the compact before these reforms were fully implemented, the MCC sent a mixed signal about its commitment to democratic governance. The timing of the compact’s approval—before key electoral and constitutional reforms were completed—raises questions about whether the MCC prematurely rewarded the government despite unresolved governance issues.

 

Public Engagement and the People’s Perspective

While the Chief Minister’s statement focused on the importance of high-level diplomacy, it also revealed a critical gap between elite political negotiations and public involvement. The MCC compact, designed to uplift the people of Sierra Leone, risks losing its legitimacy if the broader public and civil society organizations are not actively engaged in its implementation.

 

For the compact to truly help Sierra Leone, the following must happen:

1. Civil Society Involvement: Local and international civil society organizations must be involved in watching the compact’s implementation, ensuring that the funds are used transparently and for the public good.
   
   
2. Transparency in Reforms: The tripartite committee’s progress on electoral reforms must be made public so citizens can understand how their democratic institutions are being strengthened.

 

Without this public engagement, the compact risks being seen as another example of elite deal-making, detached from the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.

 

Recommendations for Moving Forward

Considering the controversy surrounding the MCC compact, several steps should be taken to ensure that the compact is implemented with full transparency and public accountability:

1. Implement Full Transparency Measures: The MCC and the Government of Sierra Leone should regularly publish reports on how the compact is being implemented, focusing on fund allocation and the progress of reforms.
   
   
2. Complete Electoral Reforms Before Full Implementation: The tripartite committee’s recommendations must be fully implemented, and the constitutional referendum should be held before the MCC compact is fully realized. This ensures the compact aligns with the MCC’s core mission of supporting democratic governance.
   
   
3. Involve Civil Society in Monitoring: Civil society organizations must be actively involved in checking the compact’s progress. This will ensure that the compact stays accountable to the people and not just to political elites.
   
   
4. Establish Independent Oversight: The MCC should establish an independent oversight body to watch the compact. This body should include representatives from civil society, academia, and international organizations to ensure the compact is implemented with integrity.

 

Conclusion: Upholding Democratic Governance

The MCC compact award to Sierra Leone is both a milestone and a controversy. While it presents an opportunity for development, it also exposes significant challenges in upholding democratic governance and public trust. The personal diplomacy that secured the compact raises questions about whether the MCC’s standards were compromised, while the incomplete electoral reforms point to unresolved governance issues.

The MCC and the Sierra Leonean government must commit to full transparency and public accountability for the compact to succeed. By involving civil society and ensuring that reforms are completed, Sierra Leone can reap the benefits of the compact and continue its path toward sustainable development.

  

6. Looking Ahead: Recommendations for Accountability and Governance

 

Purpose:

This section offers practical recommendations for ensuring accountability and improving governance in Sierra Leone as it implements the $480 million MCC compact. Given the concerns raised around electoral irregularities, governance failures, and the clear contradictions in the MCC compact approval process, these recommendations are designed to promote transparency, strengthen democratic institutions, and ensure that the MCC compact delivers sustainable benefits for the people of Sierra Leone. 

 

A.       Demand Full Transparency in Compact Implementation

 To maintain public trust and ensure that the MCC compact serves its intended purpose of reducing poverty through economic growth, the MCC and the government of Sierra Leone must commit to full transparency throughout the compact’s implementation.

• Public Reporting Mechanisms: The government should set up regular reporting mechanisms to provide updates on how the compact’s funds are being used. These reports should be made accessible to domestic and international stakeholders, including civil society groups, ensuring a clear understanding of the projects being funded and their expected outcomes.
  
  
• Independent Monitoring: A third-party, independent monitoring body should be appointed to oversee the compact’s implementation, ensuring that funds are used transparently and in line with MCC’s standards. This body should include representatives from civil society, academic institutions, and international organizations to ensure diverse perspectives.

 

B.       Strengthen Democratic Institutions and Governance Reform

 

The 2023 elections and the later concerns over electoral integrity highlighted the urgent need for democratic reforms. Moving forward, the government must prioritize efforts to strengthen its democratic institutions and improve governance practices to rebuild both domestic and international trust.

 

• Electoral Reforms: Key reforms to Sierra Leone’s electoral system must ensure that future elections are free, fair, and transparent. This includes measures to enhance the independence of the National Electoral Commission (NEC) and address allegations of voter suppression and media censorship.
  
  
• Civic Education: Increasing civic education efforts will empower citizens to understand their democratic rights and encourage greater participation in the electoral process. This could be done through collaborations with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international partners, ensuring the public is well-informed about their role in supporting democracy.
  
  

C.      Hold the Government Accountable for Governance Failures

 

Despite being awarded the MCC compact, the government of Sierra Leone must face accountability for its governance failures, particularly around the 2023 elections. These issues should not be ignored, and the MCC compact should be used to ensure good governance moving forward.

• Ongoing Audits: Regular audits of the government’s fiscal practices and public administration should be conducted to ensure that corruption does not undermine the compact’s potential. These audits should be made public to reinforce transparency and trust.
  
  
• Institutional Reforms: Key public institutions, particularly those related to corruption oversight and judiciary independence, should undergo reforms to ensure they work without political interference. Strengthening institutions like the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) and making them more independent will be essential in the fight against high-level corruption and selective justice.

 

D.      Prioritize Civil Society and Media Engagement

 

A strong and vibrant civil society is crucial for holding the government and international actors accountable. Civil society organizations (CSOs) and the media are pivotal in watching governance and promoting accountability in public service delivery.

 

• Increased Civil Society Involvement: Civil society groups should be empowered to take a more active role in checking the implementation of the MCC compact. By engaging with NGOs, community organizations, and advocacy groups, the MCC can ensure that its programs help the people who need them most, particularly marginalized communities.
  
  
• Strengthening the Free Press: The media must be allowed to run freely without fear of censorship or reprisal. A free and independent press is essential for holding leaders accountable and spotlighting corruption and governance failures. The government must take steps to protect journalists and ensure that press freedoms are respected.

 

E.       Engage in International Dialogue for Sustained Oversight

 The international community, led by the United States, has played a crucial role in mediating the governance challenges in Sierra Leone. International partnerships should continue to provide oversight and support to ensure that governance reforms are sustained.

 

• Strengthened International Oversight: The U.S. Embassy and international organizations should continue to engage with Sierra Leonean political actors to ensure that democratic principles are upheld. This could include continued dialogue on the outcomes of the 2023 elections and ways to improve democratic governance.
  
  
• Technical Assistance: The MCC and other international partners should provide technical aid to support governance reforms. This aid could include help with capacity building in critical areas such as election management, public administration, and corruption prevention.

 

Address Geopolitical Pressures: Keep Focus on Governance

While geopolitical factors played a role in the 2023 compact award, the focus moving forward should be on governance and sustainable development rather than geopolitics. Sierra Leone must remain committed to upholding the democratic values that the MCC Compact looks to reinforce.

• Depoliticizing International Aid: The MCC compact should not be used as a political tool to counter Chinese or Russian influence in Sierra Leone. Instead, the emphasis should remain on using the compact to strengthen democratic institutions and promote sustainable development.
  
  
• Long-Term Governance Focus: Sierra Leone must prioritise its long-term governance goals over short-term political gains. This requires sustained efforts to improve the rule of law, public sector transparency, and corruption control.

 

 Conclusion: A Path Forward for Sierra Leone

The 2023 MCC compact award presents both an opportunity and a challenge for Sierra Leone. While the compact brings substantial resources to support the country’s development, the governance failures surrounding the 2023 elections cast a shadow over the decision. Moving forward, both the MCC and the Sierra Leonean government must prioritize transparency, accountability, and democratic governance.

 

By addressing the electoral irregularities, strengthening civil society engagement, and supporting a long-term focus on governance reform, Sierra Leone can ensure that the compact delivers on its promise of improving the lives of its citizens and fostering sustainable development.

  

Statement on My Interest in the People of Sierra Leone and the MCC Process

My primary interest in starting the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) process for Sierra Leone has always been focused on the well-being of the people. From the beginning, my motivation was to bring meaningful, long-term development to our country, particularly in areas like energy infrastructure, education, healthcare, and water access, which can potentially improve the lives of every Sierra Leonean. My efforts have never concerned politics but ensuring that Sierra Leone secures the necessary tools for economic growth and poverty alleviation.

 

How I Started with the MCC Process
I was among the first to start conversations with the MCC years ago. I recognized that the MCC compact could be a transformative partnership for Sierra Leone that could unlock millions of dollars in development aid. If used correctly, this aid would address the critical gaps in our country’s infrastructure and public services. I worked behind the scenes, helping to position Sierra Leone to pass the MCC scorecard by advocating for reforms that would improve transparency, governance, and economic freedom.

 

However, the road has been difficult, and the challenges are still immense. Sierra Leone has struggled with corruption, electoral integrity issues, and governance failures that have jeopardized our eligibility for the MCC compact for years. As a result, we must make difficult decisions to ensure that development aid serves all Sierra Leoneans—not just the political elite.

 

Addressing Different Groups:

To Pro-Government Groups:

I understand that many of you may support the current administration, believing that the MCC compact will bring much-needed development to our nation. I share this vision for development and progress. However, we cannot overlook the importance of transparency and accountability in ensuring these funds help the people. My advocacy for reform is not a rejection of the government’s work but a call for stronger governance to ensure that corruption and mismanagement do not undermine this opportunity. We must ensure that the compact funds are used wisely to uplift all Sierra Leoneans.

 

To Anti-Government Groups:

To those who oppose the current government, I hear your concerns about electoral fraud and governance failures. These issues are real, and they must be addressed. However, the MCC compact is a chance for Sierra Leone to secure much-needed resources to improve infrastructure and public services for everyone. I focus on ensuring that reforms are made and that these funds are not used to reinforce bad governance but to create a brighter future for all. I am calling for a balanced approach that holds the government accountable while recognizing the urgent need for development.

 

My Commitment to Sierra Leone

My commitment has always been to serve the people of Sierra Leone. I started the MCC process because I believe that the compact offers an unparalleled opportunity to lift our country out of poverty and create a future where every citizen can access basic services like reliable electricity, clean water, and quality education. I firmly believe that good governance and strong oversight are the keys to ensuring that the MCC compact succeeds and benefits everyone—not just a few.

 

 By pushing for reforms and accountability, we can create an environment where international aid leads to real development, where the promises of progress are fulfilled, and where every Sierra Leonean can enjoy the benefits of economic growth.

This is not about politics. This is about ensuring that every Sierra Leonean benefit from the opportunities that lie ahead. Let us make this about the people.

  

A CASE STUDY

Investigative Report: Connections Between the MCC, the Tripartite Dialogue, and the International Community’s Response

 

The joint press release issued by the U.S., U.K., Ireland, Germany, France, and the EU Delegation on June 28, 2023, about the Sierra Leone elections is highly significant in the context of the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact Award and the ongoing Tripartite Dialogue. The document sheds light on the international community’s stance on the electoral process and governance in Sierra Leone, which is intricately tied to the MCC's goals and processes.

 

Key Observations from the Press Release

1. Commendation for Citizen Participation: The joint statement begins by commending the Sierra Leonean people for their participation in the general elections, emphasizing their democratic right to vote. This aligns with the MCC’s focus on democratic governance, reinforcing the need for citizen engagement in political processes. However, recognising democratic participation is only one part of the MCC’s Democratic Rights Hard Hurdle.
   
   
2. Concerns Over Logistical Problems and Lack of Transparency: The international community noted logistical problems on election day and expressed concerns about the lack of transparency in the tabulation process. This statement directly correlates with the allegations of electoral irregularities that have clouded Sierra Leone’s compliance with the MCC’s Democratic Rights and Control of Corruption indicators.

 

• Transparency in Tabulation: The lack of transparency is a significant issue because it directly affects the integrity of the electoral process, a key indicator for passing the MCC’s Political Rights and Civil Liberties metrics. Given that the MCC’s core mission is to partner with countries that prove a strong commitment to good governance, this concern raised by the international community is critical in questioning whether Sierra Leone met these democratic thresholds in 2023.
  
  
2. Support for Democracy and Calls for Peaceful Dialogue: Despite the challenges, the joint statement reiterates the international community’s support for democracy and urges Sierra Leoneans to engage in peaceful dialogue to resolve disputes. This directly ties into the Tripartite Dialogue, which was set up under President Bio to address electoral reforms and ease national cohesion.
   
   
• The Role of the Tripartite Committee: The Tripartite Dialogue between the ruling party, opposition, and civil society, led by President Bio, was designed to address the 84 recommendations to strengthen electoral integrity and constitutional reforms. However, as this press release suggests, the electoral process stays incomplete, particularly regarding transparency. This aligns with concerns about whether the MCC’s decision to award the compact was premature, given that these reforms were not fully implemented.
  
  
3. Call for Restraint and Rule of Law: The press release encourages all parties to exercise restraint and respect the rule of law. This mirrors the MCC’s emphasis on democratic governance, particularly ensuring that rule of law principles are upheld in disputed election results. The call for peaceful resolution through dialogue is also consistent with the MCC’s policy of ensuring that political disputes are resolved within a democratic framework.

 

 Implications for the MCC and Tripartite Process

1. MCC’s Decision Amidst Electoral Irregularities: The MCC’s decision to go ahead with awarding the $480 million compact despite the international community’s concerns raises questions about the integrity of the compact approval process. The MCC typically requires that countries meet stringent democratic governance criteria, and the lack of transparency in the elections—highlighted in this press release—could be seen as a violation of those standards.
   
   
• Democratic Rights Hard Hurdle: If Sierra Leone did not pass the Political Rights or Civil Liberties indicators, it should not have been eligible for the compact. This press release reinforces the idea that election-related issues persisted and were acknowledged by both national and international observers.
  
  
2. The Incomplete Nature of the Tripartite Process: The press release highlights that while the Tripartite Dialogue is an important step toward electoral reforms, it has yet to resolve all the challenges that undermine democratic integrity. The 84 recommendations, particularly those related to constitutional changes, remain a work in progress. This suggests that the MCC compact was awarded despite the incomplete nature of these reforms, raising concerns about the timing of the approval.
   
   
• Premature Awarding of the Compact: The MCC’s decision to move forward before the Tripartite Committee completed its work could undermine the credibility of the compact, as the electoral reforms were designed to address transparency issues that the international community has flagged. The logistical problems and lack of tabulation transparency mentioned in the press release further emphasize that the reforms needed to restore public trust have not yet been fully realized.
  
  
3. The Role of Civil Society in Ensuring Accountability: The mention of civil society organizations in this press release is crucial, as the MCC compact’s success will largely depend on the involvement of local civil society groups in monitoring and implementation. Civil society’s role in holding the government accountable and ensuring that the funds are used effectively will be critical in keeping public trust in the compact.
   
   
• The Tripartite Dialogue must continue to involve civil society organizations to ensure that the electoral reforms are implemented and sustained in the long term. The MCC’s decision to award the compact should include strong civil society engagement to ensure that the compact benefits the people and addresses the governance failures noted in the electoral process.

 

 

Conclusion and Recommendations

The international community’s concerns over the lack of transparency in the 2023 election process raise serious questions about whether Sierra Leone truly met the governance standards needed for the MCC compact. While the Tripartite Dialogue offers a framework for addressing these issues, its incomplete nature suggests that the compact may have been awarded prematurely.

 

Moving forward, both the MCC and the Sierra Leonean government must commit to:

1. Full Transparency: Both the electoral process and the implementation of the compact must be transparent, with regular updates on the progress of electoral reforms and fund use.
   
   
2. Civil Society Engagement: Civil society must play a key role in watching the compact, ensuring that the funds are used to benefit the people and not the political elite.
3. Completion of Reforms: The Tripartite Committee must be held accountable for completing the constitutional reforms that will strengthen electoral integrity and ensure that future elections meet international standards.
   
   
4. Independent Oversight: An independent oversight body should be set up to monitor the compact’s implementation, focusing on ensuring that electoral reforms are fully enacted before the compact is fully realized.

 

By addressing these key concerns, the MCC compact can be implemented to uphold democratic governance and public trust, ensuring that Sierra Leone’s path to development is built on a solid foundation of transparency, accountability, and inclusive governance.